Vanuatu’s Attorney General Arnold Kiel Loughman has delivered a forceful call for climate justice as landmark proceedings at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) concluded on 13 December 2024.
Speaking on behalf of Vanuatu and other Global South nations, Loughman argued that international environmental and human rights laws must hold historical polluters accountable for the catastrophic impacts of climate change.
“The two weeks of oral hearings at the International Court of Justice have highlighted a compelling legal case, led by the Global South. We have argued, one statement after the other, that international environmental laws and fundamental human rights are applicable international legal obligations that must not be excluded from States responsibilities in the context of climate change,” he said.
The hearings brought together more than half of UN member states, united in their demand for accountability.
“Historical polluters are responsible for the harm that our small island State and many other nations have been left to deal with as a result of climate change impacts, while uncurbed greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel subsidies and ongoing exploration and extraction from these same historical polluters continue to fuel the climate crisis,” Loughman said in a statement.
The case underscores the disproportionate burden borne by Global South nations, whose rights and economic progress are being trampled by rising seas and intensifying climate impacts.
Loughman highlighted the erosion of the right to self-determination and the need to decolonise a global economy that perpetuates environmental inequities.
“The ICJ is now carefully considering all of our submissions, and more than half of the UN member states have united to speak forcefully on the global stage even as climate change tramples rights and erodes hard-earned economic gains from the past several decades.
“This landmark case has shown a shared determination from representatives across Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, Pacific Island States and even a few European States to uphold and apply the rule of international law in the context of climate change. We are coming to the Court seeking justice. We cannot wait another couple of decades in the hope that climate negotiations will deliver the climate action needed to stop the ongoing catastrophic consequences of climate change, let alone provide remedies for the harm we have already experienced.
“s pointed out by some States in the proceedings, historical polluters continue to hide behind the safety of the climate regime (UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement), which limits State responsibility to procedural obligations that avoid any real accountability.
“On the other hand, the large majority of the Global South States and Organisations participating are arguing that excluding other obligations under environmental and human rights laws, exceptionally, in the context of climate change undermines the rule of law. Why should the international laws that have protected and provided the foundations of the international legal system, such as the duty to prevent harm to another State (in simple terms), not be applicable now?, he stressed.
As the ICJ deliberates its Advisory Opinion, Loughman stressed the urgency of action.
“One of the common threads of statements over the past two weeks has been the importance of the right of self-determination, and how climate change has impaired efforts to assert that right. In this light, the prominence of the case has furthered our efforts to decolonize the global economy where, currently, the impacts of industrial activities in high-emission countries still disproportionately impact the Global South.
“All of us look forward to the ICJ’s coming Advisory Opinion and its potential to inspire global action. In Vanuatu, we understand that a rising tide may lift all boats, as the Global North saying goes. But in Vanuatu, we need our boats lifted fast, before the sea-level rise permanently swamps our coasts,” he said.
The advisory opinion, expected in 2025, could set a precedent for addressing climate change within the framework of international law, providing a critical lever for the Global South in the fight for climate justice.
